[转帖]异议SPD配置的有关问题--许颖
<table id="Table1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td><p align="center"><font class="top1" color="#000000"><span id="ContentWebCtrl1_LB_ArticleName" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: medium; COLOR: navy;">异议SPD配置的有关问题</span></font></p></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><font class="top1" color="#000000"><span id="ContentWebCtrl1_LB_ArticleSencondName" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;"></span></font></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span id="ContentWebCtrl1_LB_ArticleInputTime" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"></span></td></tr><tr><td height="10"><font face="宋体"></font></td></tr><tr><td><font class="top1"><span id="ContentWebCtrl1_LB_ArticleContent"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 73.5pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -52.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: -5.0; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">摘<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>要：本文主要对<span lang="EN-US">GB50057-94</span>《建筑物防雷设计规范》（<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>年版）中有关<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>配置提出三个方面的异议：<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 73.5pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 5.0gd;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）建筑物分区配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>是不能优化防雷保护系统的。其结果是，配置的<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>不多就少。<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>多了是“花钱买<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>损坏率”，少了是增加被保护物损坏率。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 73.5pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 5.0gd;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）通过第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的雷电流波形不可能再保持是首次雷击的雷电流原型波形——<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 73.5pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 5.0gd;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）规定通过<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的标称放电电流（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>）波形，第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>检验也使用这样的波形，这是不符合侵入雷电波行程规律的。是完全没有必要的。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p></span></p><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">关键词：建筑物防雷<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SPD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>雷电流波形<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p></span></p><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">GB 50057</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">—<span lang="EN-US">94</span>《建筑物防雷设计规范》（<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>年版）对有关<span lang="EN-US">SPD </span>的配置做了明确规定，笔者从以下三个方面提出异议：（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）建筑物分区配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>；（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）通过第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的雷电流波形为<span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">0/350</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>；（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）通过第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的雷电流波形为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p></span></p><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">建筑物分区配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>不能优化防雷保护系统</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">在雷电放电时，在建筑物内各个空间产生的电磁场强度是不等的，在各种导电体（含各种导线）上以及各种仪器设备上产生雷电的流动波（或叫行波），重则损坏各种绝缘和元件，轻则也会干扰电子信息系统正常工作。为了形象化，划分很多不同的防雷区（<span lang="EN-US">LPZ</span>），告诫人们如何做好屏蔽、接地和等电位连接，这是必要的。但作为配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>是不充分的，达不到优化防雷保护系统的目的。这是因为在同一区内不同空间点（位置）的电磁场场强是不等的（完全金属密闭体除外）。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">建筑物电子信息系统是一个复杂网络（含接地网），在各个节点（含地网）之间有电位差。所谓等电位连接，只是电位差减小的连接，并不能达到真正的等电位。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">雷电波侵入到建筑物（含构筑物）电子信息网络的渠道通常有：一是沿各种导电金属体；二是电容耦合，又称静电感应；三是电感耦合，又称电磁耦合；四是分开接地的接地装置，由一个接地装置上地电位升高，在另一个接地装置上产生的电位升高，通常称为阻性耦合。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">雷电波通过上述四条渠道侵入到电子信息网络中，在各个节点上产生折射和反射，各节点上形成的波形是振荡衰减波形。<span lang="EN-US">IEC 62305-4</span>附录<span lang="EN-US">D</span>中也指出是“振荡现象”。节点上这种波形，既不是侵入原型波形——<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，也不是<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>波形。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">各个节点上呈现的电压幅值和波形，与侵入波幅值和陡度、<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>残压以及各节之间的电气距离（不是几何距离）有关。根据各节点上的过电压<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">U<sub>ex</sub></span></i>（这是随机变量），按绝缘配合原则（即基于实践运行统计的经验基础上总结出本国可接受的风险率）来优化配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>。<span style="COLOR: #ff6600;"><font color="#000000">怎</font></span>么能不管侵入雷电波幅值和陡度、各节之间距离、被保护物的绝缘水平，简单地<span style="COLOR: #ff6600;"><font color="#000000">分</font></span>区配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>呢？这样配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>，其结果不是<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>多了就是少了。<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>多了，因它本身是器件，有一定的损坏率，多了就是“花钱买事故”。<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>少了，增加被保护物的损坏率。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">据笔者所知，在<span lang="EN-US">3kV</span>及以上电网中，应用如下所说的配置方法，已有<span lang="EN-US">70</span>多年历史<sup><span lang="EN-US"></span></sup>，经不断研发，今天这套配置方法已达到非常完善的地步<span lang="EN-US">,</span>分析结线采用变电所与架空线路为电气一体的防雷保护分析统计方法，雷击概率采用蒙特卡洛法（<span lang="EN-US">Monte Carlo</span>）统计试验方法；已有电子计算机专用程序——电磁暂态计算程序（<span lang="EN-US">EMTP</span>）。这些都可“借鉴”和“参考”。在<span lang="EN-US">IEC 62305-4</span>附录<span lang="EN-US">C</span>亦推荐“需要用网络分析软件进行计算机仿真”。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p></span></p><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p><p></p></span></font></td></tr></tbody></table>[此贴子已经被作者于2006-12-31 16:03:55编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">2.</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">通过第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的雷电流波形不可能再保持是首次雷击的雷电流原型波形——<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">GB50057-94</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">（<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>年版）附表<span lang="EN-US">6.1</span>中规定：首次雷击的雷电流波形为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>。也就是说，雷击建筑物或直击进入建筑物的架空线路上，假定雷电流原型波形为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>。又规定通过第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的雷电流波形为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，这一规定是不对的。笔者在本文第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>节已叙述，建筑物电子信息系统是一个复杂网络（含接地网），<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>是配置在这个复杂网络中一个节点上（复杂网络中的一个分支系统上）。在<span lang="EN-US">IEC62305-4</span>附录<span lang="EN-US">C</span>中亦指出：“单个<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>只承受总雷电流的一部分”。<span style="COLOR: #ff6600;">怎</span>么会是原型波形<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>和<font color="#000000"><span style="COLOR: #ff6600;"><font color="#000000">一些人</font></span>炒</font>作的所谓<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="3" unitname="in"><span lang="EN-US">3<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>n</sub></i></span></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">=3</span>×<span lang="EN-US">80kA=240kA</span>或<span lang="EN-US">3</span>×<span lang="EN-US">60kA=<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="180" unitname="a">180A</chmetcnv></span>呢？难道<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>配置串联在建筑物接闪器上吗？即使<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>配置在进入建筑物<span lang="EN-US">220</span>～<span lang="EN-US">380V</span>架空线路上，在首次雷击的雷电流幅值在<span lang="EN-US">1kA</span>以上时架空线路都会发生对地闪络。只要一闪络，就不可能再保持仍然是原型波形<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>。在本文第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>节已论述，不论侵入的首次雷击的雷电流何种波形，在建筑物电子信息系统中各个节点上是振荡衰减波形。这是建筑物电子信息网络中节点之间导线（含设备）电感和电容形成的<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">n</span></i>个振荡回路所致。也是被大量试验证明的事实。不知<span lang="EN-US">GB50057-94</span>（<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>年版）怎样论证通过第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的冲击电流波形仍是首次雷击的雷电流原型波形——<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>？<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3 .</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">规定通过<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的标称雷电放电电流（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>）波形是没有必要的</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>检验也要用这样波形，这是不符合侵入雷电波形行程规律的。这是完全没有必要的。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">笔者从如下三方面来论述：<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）雷电波从<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级行走到第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级时会衰减变形。至今，国内外试验证明，雷电波在导线上行走一段行程后，发生的衰减变形是：波头（波前）部分受电晕影响变平拉长，不可能从<span lang="EN-US">10</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>变成<span lang="EN-US">8</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>缩短，幅值衰减，波尾部分发生反电晕而拉长，不可能从<span lang="EN-US">350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>变成<span lang="EN-US">20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>缩短。除非从<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级到第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级之间行波被截断。但实践证明，多数是在<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级前截断，少见<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级至第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级之间截断。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）国内外试验均证明，对<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>的<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>在<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>的残压，主要与<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>波头长度（波前时间）有关，随波头长度（波前时间）增大而降低，与波尾无关。也就是说，在<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>和<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>波形的相同<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>值下的残压几乎相同。从残压试验来看，没有必要规定<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">从绝缘配合要求，用<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>的<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>下的残压，仅是对绝缘在全波（<span lang="EN-US">1.2/50</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>）冲击电压下的绝缘配合。因通过<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>的<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>和<span lang="EN-US">WGMOA</span>的雷电流是随机变量，因此<span lang="EN-US">IEC 60099-4:2001</span>和国标<span lang="EN-US">GB 11032-2000(</span><span style="COLOR: #ff6600;"><font color="#000000">等同于</font></span><span lang="EN-US"> IEC60099-4:1991)</span>规定<span lang="EN-US">WGMOA</span>，在型式试验和例行试验（出厂试验）中，雷电冲击电流下的残压应在<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".5" unitname="in"><span lang="EN-US">0.5<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>n</sub></i></span></chmetcnv>、<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="in"><span lang="EN-US">1.0<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>n</sub></i></span></chmetcnv>、<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2" unitname="in"><span lang="EN-US">2.0<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>n</sub></i></span></chmetcnv>范围内进行多点测量以便绘制稳态伏安（<span lang="EN-US">V -I</span>）特性，用于优化防雷系统风险评估。侵入的雷电流陡度也是随机变量，例如近区雷击，侵入波可能很陡。<span lang="EN-US">IEC 60099-4:2001</span>和国标<span lang="EN-US">GB11032-2000</span>还规定，要对<span lang="EN-US">WGMOA</span>要进行在陡波（波前时间为<span lang="EN-US">1</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>）冲击电流<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>下的残压测量<span lang="EN-US">,</span>用于与绝缘在截波冲击电压下的配合。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">在国内气象防雷中心草拟的气象行业防雷的《电涌保护器（<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>）的检测技术规范》（征求意见稿）§<chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="30" month="12" year="1899"><span lang="EN-US">5.1.1</span></chsdate>中，<span lang="EN-US">LPZ0</span>与<span lang="EN-US">LPZ1</span>区交界处第一级放电电流，<span lang="EN-US">A</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>为大于<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s20kA</span>和大于<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s80kA</span>，可任选其一。<span lang="EN-US">[</span>笔者注：事实上这是承诺：不同波形的冲击电流的能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）可以互相替代的<span lang="EN-US">]</span>。从这一规定看来，这显然不是指残压试验关系。因为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s80kA</span>下残压远大于<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s20kA</span>下的残压。同时，冲击电流<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>下的残压波形远大于<span lang="EN-US">1.2/50</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>冲击电压波尾。不符合绝缘配合用的冲击电压波形（全波）。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">规定<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>用<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>和<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>两种波形，是从能量出发。<span lang="EN-US">IEC62305-4</span>附录<span lang="EN-US">C</span>中明确指出：“波形为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>的冲击试验电流，主要用于测试<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的能量配合”。笔者下面将分析从能量看，亦没有必要这样规定。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）<span lang="EN-US">IEC</span>规定冲击电流用<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>和<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>两种波形，显然是为能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）试验而设计的。能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）试验，国内外试验证明，不论用什么电流波形，只要通过的电流幅值和冲击次数足够，都能达到要求的能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）值。这在国际大电网（<span lang="EN-US">CIGRE</span>），<span lang="EN-US">Electra</span>，<span lang="EN-US">No.133</span>，<span lang="EN-US">1990</span>年公布的<span lang="EN-US">CIGR SC-33</span>·<span lang="EN-US">WG33-06</span>报告中已有详细阐述。笔者在文<span lang="EN-US"></span>中阐述了金属氧化物非线性电阻器（<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>）是具有“能量资源”安秒（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I-t</span></i>）特性。文<span lang="EN-US"></span>介绍了用工频<span lang="EN-US">60Hz</span>电流<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".8" unitname="a"><span lang="EN-US">0.8A</span></chmetcnv>（峰值）至<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="600" unitname="a"><span lang="EN-US">600A</span></chmetcnv>（峰值）和人工雷电冲击电流<span lang="EN-US">4kA</span>至<span lang="EN-US">35kA</span>对三个制造厂生产的大批量的<span lang="EN-US">MOR</span>试品进行了试验，每种电流施加到直至破坏时为止，得到<span lang="EN-US">MOR</span>的电流平均值（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I</span></i>）对数与破坏时间平均值（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">t</span></i>）对数之间的线性关系：即<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">log<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i>+log<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">t</i>=<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">k</i></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">（常数）<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">常州创捷防雷电子有限公司张南法总工程师告诉我，他们得到类似试验结果。<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>的<span lang="EN-US">MOR</span>能流能力（能量资源——安秒<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I-t</span></i>特性）是：<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 7pt; mso-text-raise: -7.0pt;"><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_i1025" oole="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 92.25pt; HEIGHT: 20.25pt;"><imagedata otitle="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz"><font color="#000000"></font></imagedata></shape></span><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">式中：<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>p</sub></i></span>—冲击电流峰值；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 3pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt;"><shape id="_x0000_i1026" oole="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 11.25pt;"><imagedata otitle="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.wmz"><font color="#000000"></font></imagedata></shape></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">—冲击电流时间宽度；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">n</span></i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">—冲击次数；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">a</span></i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">、<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">b</span></i>和<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">c</span></i>是常数。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">综合上述行波衰减、残压试验、能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）试验等三方面分析，<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级没有必要一定用<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>波形。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">现在还存在一种炒作作倾向。即炒作提高<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>标称放电电流（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>）。笔者在文<span lang="EN-US"></span>中对这种倾向作了分析，</font><font color="#000000"><span style="COLOR: #ff6600;"><font color="#000000">是纯粹的夸大和商业行为</font></span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3 .</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">规定通过<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的标称雷电放电电流（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>）波形是没有必要的</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>检验也要用这样波形，这是不符合侵入雷电波形行程规律的。这是完全没有必要的。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">笔者从如下三方面来论述：<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）雷电波从<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级行走到第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级时会衰减变形。至今，国内外试验证明，雷电波在导线上行走一段行程后，发生的衰减变形是：波头（波前）部分受电晕影响变平拉长，不可能从<span lang="EN-US">10</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>变成<span lang="EN-US">8</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>缩短，幅值衰减，波尾部分发生反电晕而拉长，不可能从<span lang="EN-US">350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>变成<span lang="EN-US">20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>缩短。除非从<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级到第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级之间行波被截断。但实践证明，多数是在<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级前截断，少见<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级至第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级之间截断。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）国内外试验均证明，对<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>的<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>在<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>的残压，主要与<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>波头长度（波前时间）有关，随波头长度（波前时间）增大而降低，与波尾无关。也就是说，在<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>和<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>波形的相同<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>值下的残压几乎相同。从残压试验来看，没有必要规定<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">从绝缘配合要求，用<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>的<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>下的残压，仅是对绝缘在全波（<span lang="EN-US">1.2/50</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>）冲击电压下的绝缘配合。因通过<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>的<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>和<span lang="EN-US">WGMOA</span>的雷电流是随机变量，因此<span lang="EN-US">IEC 60099-4:2001</span>和国标<span lang="EN-US">GB 11032-2000(</span><span style="COLOR: #ff6600;"><font color="#000000">等同于</font></span><span lang="EN-US"> IEC60099-4:1991)</span>规定<span lang="EN-US">WGMOA</span>，在型式试验和例行试验（出厂试验）中，雷电冲击电流下的残压应在<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".5" unitname="in"><span lang="EN-US">0.5<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>n</sub></i></span></chmetcnv>、<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="in"><span lang="EN-US">1.0<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>n</sub></i></span></chmetcnv>、<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2" unitname="in"><span lang="EN-US">2.0<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>n</sub></i></span></chmetcnv>范围内进行多点测量以便绘制稳态伏安（<span lang="EN-US">V -I</span>）特性，用于优化防雷系统风险评估。侵入的雷电流陡度也是随机变量，例如近区雷击，侵入波可能很陡。<span lang="EN-US">IEC 60099-4:2001</span>和国标<span lang="EN-US">GB11032-2000</span>还规定，要对<span lang="EN-US">WGMOA</span>要进行在陡波（波前时间为<span lang="EN-US">1</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>）冲击电流<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>下的残压测量<span lang="EN-US">,</span>用于与绝缘在截波冲击电压下的配合。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">在国内气象防雷中心草拟的气象行业防雷的《电涌保护器（<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>）的检测技术规范》（征求意见稿）§<chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="30" month="12" year="1899"><span lang="EN-US">5.1.1</span></chsdate>中，<span lang="EN-US">LPZ0</span>与<span lang="EN-US">LPZ1</span>区交界处第一级放电电流，<span lang="EN-US">A</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>为大于<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s20kA</span>和大于<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s80kA</span>，可任选其一。<span lang="EN-US">[</span>笔者注：事实上这是承诺：不同波形的冲击电流的能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）可以互相替代的<span lang="EN-US">]</span>。从这一规定看来，这显然不是指残压试验关系。因为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s80kA</span>下残压远大于<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s20kA</span>下的残压。同时，冲击电流<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>下的残压波形远大于<span lang="EN-US">1.2/50</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>冲击电压波尾。不符合绝缘配合用的冲击电压波形（全波）。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">规定<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>用<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>和<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>两种波形，是从能量出发。<span lang="EN-US">IEC62305-4</span>附录<span lang="EN-US">C</span>中明确指出：“波形为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>的冲击试验电流，主要用于测试<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的能量配合”。笔者下面将分析从能量看，亦没有必要这样规定。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）<span lang="EN-US">IEC</span>规定冲击电流用<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>和<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>两种波形，显然是为能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）试验而设计的。能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）试验，国内外试验证明，不论用什么电流波形，只要通过的电流幅值和冲击次数足够，都能达到要求的能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）值。这在国际大电网（<span lang="EN-US">CIGRE</span>），<span lang="EN-US">Electra</span>，<span lang="EN-US">No.133</span>，<span lang="EN-US">1990</span>年公布的<span lang="EN-US">CIGR SC-33</span>·<span lang="EN-US">WG33-06</span>报告中已有详细阐述。笔者在文<span lang="EN-US"></span>中阐述了金属氧化物非线性电阻器（<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>）是具有“能量资源”安秒（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I-t</span></i>）特性。文<span lang="EN-US"></span>介绍了用工频<span lang="EN-US">60Hz</span>电流<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".8" unitname="a"><span lang="EN-US">0.8A</span></chmetcnv>（峰值）至<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="600" unitname="a"><span lang="EN-US">600A</span></chmetcnv>（峰值）和人工雷电冲击电流<span lang="EN-US">4kA</span>至<span lang="EN-US">35kA</span>对三个制造厂生产的大批量的<span lang="EN-US">MOR</span>试品进行了试验，每种电流施加到直至破坏时为止，得到<span lang="EN-US">MOR</span>的电流平均值（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I</span></i>）对数与破坏时间平均值（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">t</span></i>）对数之间的线性关系：即<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">log<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i>+log<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">t</i>=<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">k</i></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">（常数）<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">常州创捷防雷电子有限公司张南法总工程师告诉我，他们得到类似试验结果。<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>的<span lang="EN-US">MOR</span>能流能力（能量资源——安秒<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I-t</span></i>特性）是：<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 7pt; mso-text-raise: -7.0pt;"><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_i1025" oole="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 92.25pt; HEIGHT: 20.25pt;"><imagedata otitle="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz"><font color="#000000"></font></imagedata></shape></span><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">式中：<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I<sub>p</sub></i></span>—冲击电流峰值；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><span style="POSITION: relative; TOP: 3pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt;"><shape id="_x0000_i1026" oole="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 11.25pt;"><imagedata otitle="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.wmz"><font color="#000000"></font></imagedata></shape></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">—冲击电流时间宽度；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">n</span></i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">—冲击次数；<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">a</span></i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">、<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">b</span></i>和<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">c</span></i>是常数。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">综合上述行波衰减、残压试验、能量（<span lang="EN-US">kJ</span>）试验等三方面分析，<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级没有必要一定用<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>波形。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">现在还存在一种炒作作倾向。即炒作提高<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>标称放电电流（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>）。笔者在文<span lang="EN-US"></span>中对这种倾向作了分析，</font><font color="#000000"><span style="COLOR: #ff6600;"><font color="#000000">是纯粹的夸大和商业行为</font></span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p> <table id="Table1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td><font class="top1"><span id="ContentWebCtrl1_LB_ArticleContent"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><font color="#000000"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4 .</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">结论</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 26.35pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -10.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: -1.01; mso-para-margin-left: 1.5gd;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）建筑物分区配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>是不能优化防雷保护系统。结果是，配置<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>不多就少。<span lang="EN-US">SPD<p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">多了是“花钱买<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>损坏率”，<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>少了是增加被保物损坏率。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt -3.9pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 14.4pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.37; mso-para-margin-left: -.37gd;"><font color="#000000"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）通过第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的雷电流波形不可能再保持是首次雷击的雷电流原型波形——<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 0.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><font color="#000000">（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）规定通过<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的标称雷电放电电流（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>）波形，第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>级为<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>，<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>检验也要用这样波形，这是不符合侵入雷电波形行程规律的。这是完全没有必要的。<span lang="EN-US">IEC</span>第<span lang="EN-US">37A</span>分技术委员会（<span lang="EN-US">TC<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="True" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="37" unitname="a">-37A</chmetcnv></span>）制订的“<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>性能要求和试验方法”规范中就不搞<span lang="EN-US">10/350</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>和<span lang="EN-US">8/20</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">s</span>两套人工冲击电流波形<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 0.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 0.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 14.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><font color="#000000"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">参考文献</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.75pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -14.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1.</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">ПРОФ<span lang="EN-US">. </span>Л<span lang="EN-US">.</span>И<span lang="EN-US">.</span>СИРОТИНСКИЙ ПЕРЕНАПРЯЖЕНЕНИЯ И ЗАЩИТА ОТ ПЕРЕНАПРЯЖЕИЙ В ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ УСТАНОВКАХ<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.75pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">ОНТИ<span lang="EN-US">, </span>ГЭИ<span lang="EN-US">, 1932, </span>МОСКВА<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.75pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -14.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">2.</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">РУКОВОДЯЩИЕ УКАЗАНЛЯ ПО ЗАЩИТЕ ОТ ПЕРЕНАРЯЖЕНИЙ ЭЛЕКТРОУСТАНОВОК ПЕРЕМЕНОГО ТОКА ОТ З КВ И ВЫШЕ<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 14.75pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">ГЭИ<span lang="EN-US">, 1938<p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">3. WGMOA</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">正名和新技术条件要求<span lang="EN-US">.</span>中国雷电与防护，<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>期<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000">4. Ringler K.G: Kirkly P: Erven C.C etal; The energy absoption Capability and time-to-failure of varistors used in station-class metal-oxide surge arresters.<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font color="#000000"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IEEE Transaction on power Dilivery Vol.12, No.1 January 1997<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 20.3pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -20.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><font color="#000000"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">5. </span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">许颖<span lang="EN-US">.</span>进言<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>的标称放电电流（<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I<sub>n</sub></span></i>）和通流能量检验方法的确定，雷电防护与标准化，<span lang="EN-US">2004</span>年第<span lang="EN-US">4</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 125%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p><font color="#000000"> </font></p></span></p><p><font color="#000000"></font> </p></span></font></td></tr><tr><td align="right" height="15"><font face="宋体"></font></td></tr><tr><td align="right" height="4"><font face="宋体"><font face="宋体"><span id="ContentWebCtrl1_LB_ArticleAuthor" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;">许 颖</span> <a id="ContentWebCtrl1_LB_ArticleSourceAddress" target="_blank" style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black;">中国电力科学研究院</a> </font></font></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>的确是篇猛文！！但是，仅仅是老人家个人观点。</p> <p><a href="http://www.cedan.com.cn/html/xslw/2006-7/20/16_59_19_320.shtml">http://www.cedan.com.cn/html/xslw/2006-7/20/16_59_19_320.shtml</a></p><p>此为：《<span class="fnewstitle">过电压保护器标称放电电流（I_n）和通流容量的检验方法》一文。</span></p><p><span class="fnewstitle">也是一篇猛文。</span></p><p><span class="fnewstitle">许工是喜欢在学术上发脾气的，他和梅老先生曾为同事，且脾气都差不多大。呵呵。</span></p><p><span class="fnewstitle">难得啊！应该好好看看。</span></p> <p>应该好好看看。</p><p></p> <div class="quote"><b>以下是引用<i>风雷剑</i>在2007-1-13 22:32:00的发言：</b><br/><p>应该好好看看。</p><p></p></div><p>多谢支持！</p> 不错的文章...如果文中说的是对的,那我们一直以来生产的避雷器所依赖的避雷原理都是错的了!!
页:
[1]
2